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Acquisition of health-related knowledgeMain articles: Life science and Biomedical researchMedical research is basic and applied research conducted to improve the evaluation of new treatments for both safety and efficacy in what are termed clinical trials, or to develop new treatments (referred to as preclinical research) or to better scale up health care interventions and improve health systems (e.g. health systems research and evidence based health care).The increased longevity of humans over the past century is due in large part to medical research. Among the major advancements in medicine have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the human genome project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance, the obesity epidemic, and notably, the paucity of knowledge on how to better organize health care delivery. Application of health-related knowledge (health care)Main article: Health careHealth care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organization, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including reventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations. The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organization such as the National Health Service in the UK, or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in shared care.There is a wide range of traditional areas of health care. The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, pharmacy, dentistry, clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics), and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g. dietetics, recreational, physical, occupational, orthoptic care, speech, and respiratory).Like health science in general, health care includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical doctors include physicians and surgeons.There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Dietitians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetes, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. Other less common medical areas include first aid and triage.Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Counselling, hospice care, home care, nutrition, medical social work, alternative medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology are all considered part of health science.Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics) is also a major field of health sciences.Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal-originated food (such as milk and meat) and animal husbandry. Health practices Conventional Western practicesAthletic trainingClinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics)DentistryDieteticsEpidemiologyEvidence-based medicineGenetic counselingMedical physicsMedicineNursingNutritionObstetrics, including MidwiferyOccupational therapyOptometryOrthopticsOsteopathic medicine (Note: Osteopathy, as practiced in most countries other than the USA, is listed under complementary and alternative practices below)ParamedicinePharmacyPhysical therapy (physiotherapy)Prosthetics and OrthoticsPsychology, including Animal, Behavioural, Clinical, Health, Medical, Neuropsychology and othersPsychoanalysisPsychotherapy, including Cognitive therapyPublic healthPhysical educationSpeech-Language PathologySurgery, including anaesthesiologyVeterinary medicine Historical westernFurther information: Ancient Greek medicine, Medicine in ancient Rome, Byzantine medicine, and Medieval medicineBlood lettingHeroic medicineMagnet therapyPatent medicinePhrenologyTrepanation Complementary and alternative medicineMain articles: Complementary and alternative medicine and Alternative medicineAlexander TechniqueChiropractic (in some countries: included within Conventional Western practices)Dorn methodHerbalismHolistic healthHomeopathyHypnosisMassage therapyNatural medicineNaturopathic medicineOrthomolecular medicineOsteopathy (Note: Osteopathic medicine as practiced in the USA is listed under traditional western practices above) New Age or spiritualistChristian ScienceFaith healingJohreiMaharishi Vedic MedicineReiki Contemporary themesBecause health science deal with human life, issues of medical ethics, an important area of ethics, arise frequently. Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient’s right to privacy and his/her right to be involved in treatment and decision-making. Euthanasia, abortion, human cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering are especially controversial issues directly related to health science. Evidence based health care focuses on integrating research evidence with context and values to better guide policies and practice. An example of initiatives that take this approach to improve public health policy is the Evidence Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet) of the World Health Organization. History of health scienceMain articles: History of biology and History of medicineThe foundations for the Health Sciences fields are as old as the human race. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues such as childbirth. With modern technology and the backing of the pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. Nevertheless, many cultures have used and continue to use various herbs and other culturally specific solutions to help solve health problems that may or may not be backed by any scientific support. See alsoMain article: Outline of health scienceAcademic health science centreBiomedical engineeringBiomedical informaticsBiomedical researchBiomedical technologyEmergency medical servicesEvidence-based medicineHealth care, Acronyms in healthcareHealth economicsHistory of medicineList of health sciences topicsMedical EncyclopediaMedical ethicsMedical informaticsPharmaceutical industryPreventive medicinePublic healthPublicly-funded health care External links and referencesNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesThe US National Library of MedicineHealth Science Researchers, Jobs and Discussions References^ World Heath Organization Report. (2000). Why do health systems matter?. 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